RC4 Encryption-A Literature Survey

AbstractA chronological survey demonstrating the cryptanalysis of RC4 stream cipher is presented in this paper. We have summarized the various weaknesses of RC4 algorithm followed by the recently proposed enhancements available in the literature. It is established that innovative research efforts are required to develop secure RC4 algorithm, which can remove the weaknesses of RC4, such as biased bytes, key collisions, and key recovery attacks on WPA. These flaws in RC4 are still offering an open challenge for developers. Hence our chronological survey corroborates the fact that even though researchers are working on RC4 stream cipher since last two decades, it still offers a plethora of research issues. The attraction of community towards RC4 is still alive

What is better: cryocautery or electrocautery for cervical erosion?

Background: Present study was conducted with a background in mind to compare the efficacy of electrocautery and cryocautery for the management of cervical erosion. Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of electrocautery and cryocautery for the treatment of cervical erosion and to check cost effectiveness.Methods: A comparative study was conducted at Maharishi Markandeshwar medical college and hospital, Kumarhatti (Solan) between July’13 to June’14 among 100 patients of reproductive age group with cervical erosion. They were grouped into 2 groups A (Electrocautery) & B (Cryocautery) and data obtained was analysed by paired t-test.Results: Though in short- term follow-up at 4-6 weeks after cautery, apparently electrocautery was superior to cryocautery in terms of erosion healing rate 92% vs. 76% as P value (0.4557) is not statistically significant, but in long-term follow-up at 12-14 weeks there was no significant difference in erosion healing but electrocautery was cost effective.Conclusions: Both types of cautery were equally good for treatment of cervical erosion in long-term follow-up. But electrocautery occupies less space and there is no chance of gas leakage in electrocautery, so electrocautery is more cost effective.

Comparative study of feto-maternal outcome in clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism

Background: Thyroid diseases are the one of commonest endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age group, and hence constitute the commonest endocrine disorder complicating pregnancy. Maternal thyroid function changes during pregnancy and inadequate adaptation to these changes results in thyroid dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism and to study the fetal and maternal complications associated with hypothyroidism.Methods: A prospective and observational study undertaken over a period of 2 years from 1st October 2009 onwards. Pregnant women were screened for thyroid dysfunction irrespective of gestational age. Patients were divided into two group; Group I (subclinical hypothyroidism)- all pregnant patients with serum TSH ≥ 3 mu/l up to 6 mu/l and normal free T4 levels. Group II (clinical hypothyroidism)- all pregnant patients with serum TSH level ≥ 6 mu/l OR on thyroxine pre-pregnancy.Results: In the present study, prevalence of thyroid disorder was 6.22%, subclinical hypothyroidism and clinical hypothyroidism being 3.77% and 2.45% respectively. In subclinical group and clinical group, we found, preeclampsia, preterm labour, first trimester abortions and oligohydramnios in 13.75% versus 19.23%, 13.75% versus 36.54%, 11.25% versus 11.53%, and 16.25% versus 23.02% respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism was more prevalent and hidden leading to the poor obstetrical outcome and fetal complications like low birth weight, prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction. There was higher incidence of caesarean deliveries in both groups more in clinical hypothyroid cases.Conclusions: Due to the adverse effect of maternal thyroid disorder on maternal and fetal outcome, timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment of hypothyroid disorders is essential

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Quantitative analysis of the security performance in wireless LANs

A comprehensive experimental study to analyze the security performance of a WLAN based on IEEE 802.11 b/g/n standards in various network scenarios is presented in this paper. By setting-up an experimental testbed we have measured results for a layered security model in terms of throughput, response time, encryption overheads, frame loss and jitter. Through numerical results obtained from the testbed, we have presented quantitative as well as realistic findings for both security mechanisms and network performance. It establishes the fact that there is always a tradeoff between the security strength and the associated network performance. It is observed that the non-roaming network always performs better than the roaming network under all network scenarios. To analyze the benefits offered by a particular security protocol a relative security strength index model is demonstrated. Further we have presented the statistical analysis of our experimental data. We found that different security protocols have different robustness against mobility. By choosing the robust security protocol, network performance can be improved. The presented analysis is significant and useful with reference to the assessment of the suitability of security protocols for given real time application

Synthesis and antineoplastic activity of some 16- benzylidene substituted steroidal oximes

2126-2137 Novel 16-benzylidine substituted steroidal oximes in the androstene series have been designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antineoplastic activity at NCI, Bethesda, USA against 3-cell lines using one dose primary anticancer assay. Of the compounds tested, 3β-hydroxy derivatives 24 (DPJ-1059), 26 (DPJ-1081), 28 (DPJ-870), 30 (DPJ-818), 32 (DPJ-854) and 3β-acetoxy derivatives 25 (DPJ-1061), 27 (DPJ-1083), 31 (DPJ-817) and 33(DPJ-900) have been found to be quite active.</smarttagtype

Comparative evaluation of single-visit endodontic treatment with and without the use of iodine potassium iodide as an endodontic irrigant: In vivo study

Introduction: The root canal treatment in asymptomatic necrotic teeth in single visit has been an area of discussion for long. The purpose of this study was to compare the single-visit root canal treatment of asymptomatic nonvital mature mandibular molars with and without the use of 5% iodine potassium iodide (IKI) as an endodontic irrigant with the minimal use of postoperative medications. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients requiring root canal treatment on asymptomatic nonvital mandibular molars were included in the study and were randomly allocated into two groups of thirty each. In Group I, no IKI was used and in Group II, 5% IKI was used as an irrigant. The complete treatment was done in single visit. The occurrence of postoperative pain and swelling was noted at various time intervals. Results: Mann–Whitney U-test showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding both the parameters. In Group I, 20% of patients experienced moderate-to-severe pain during the first 24 h (P = 0.25463) while only 10% of patients experienced moderate pain in Group II. In Group I, 20% of patients developed swelling after 24 h while none of the patients in Group II had any postoperative swelling (P = 0.09342). Conclusion: Irrigants with better disinfection properties, penetration, and quick action such as 5% IKI are important adjunct to complete the disinfection of root canal system in single-visit endodontics

A compact and efficient AES-32GF for encryption in small IoT devices

The phenomenal growth of resource constrained devices in IoT set ups has motivated the researchers to develop solutions for securing information flow. In this paper, we present a compact and efficient field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of AES with 32-bit data-path named, AES-32GF. The implementation is carried out on different Xilinx FPGAs. In FPGAs, utilization of slices and look up tables (LUTs) reflect on the compactness of the design. Numerical results show that lesser resources are required with smaller data path in comparison with the original standard. With the help of data path compression and Galois field implementation of the s-box resource consumption is minimized. S-box is the most resource consuming component in the AES structure. In our implementation, Artix-7 series FPGA for the same. It results in significant resource savings. In comparison to unrolled AES-128 architecture, it achieves 87 % resource savings. With 595 slices and 2.004 Gbps throughput, AES-32GF cipher achieves an efficiency of 3.37 Mbps/slice. It outperforms other designs in terms of efficiency. • A compact and efficient FPGA implementation of AES with 32-bit data-path has been proposed. • The proposed design utilizes data path compression and Galois field implementation of the s-box to minimize resource consumption. • With 595 slices and 2.004 Gbps throughput, AES-32GF cipher achieves an efficiency of 3.37 Mbps/slice